Mawu Oyamba
M'dziko lamphamvu zamadzimadzi, makina olemera nthawi zambiri amatenga chidwi chonse. Masilinda akuluakulu a hydraulic, mapampu obangula, ndi ma valve akuluakulu owongolera amawongolera malo omanga, zopangira zinthu, ndi minda yaulimi. Komabe, ngwazi zenizeni zosasimbika zamakina{2}}otsika kwambiri ndizomwe zimawagwirizanitsa. Popanda zolumikizira zoyenera, mphamvu yayikulu yopangidwa ndi mapampu a hydraulic imakhala yopanda ntchito, kapena yoyipa kwambiri, yowopsa kwambiri.
Kusankha zolumikizira zolondola zama hydraulic ndi imodzi mwazisankho zofunika kwambiri zomwe katswiri, mainjiniya, kapena mwini zida angapange. Ulusi umodzi wosagwirizana kapena chinthu chocheperako chingayambitse kulephera koopsa, kubweretsa kutayika kwamadzimadzi okwera mtengo, kuipitsidwa kwa chilengedwe, kuwonongeka kwa zida, komanso kuwopsa kwa ovulala. Chifukwa msika wadzaza ndi mitundu ingapo ya ulusi, makulidwe, ndi njira zosindikizira, kupeza kufanana komweku kumatha kukhala kovuta kwa oyamba kumene.
Buku lathunthu ili lapangidwa kuti liwononge njira yosankhidwa. Pophwanya mfundo zazikuluzikulu zamakanikidwe amadzimadzi, chizindikiritso cha ulusi, ndi sayansi yazinthu, nkhaniyi ikupatsirani chidziwitso chofunikira kuti musankhe zida zoyenera zamakina anu molimba mtima komanso motetezeka.
Kumvetsetsa Zoyambira: Kodi Zopangira Ma Hydraulic Ndi Chiyani Ndipo Chifukwa Chiyani Zimafunikira?
Pakuphweka kwake, hydraulic fitting ndi chigawo chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kulumikiza payipi ya hydraulic, chitoliro, kapena chubu ku mpope, valavu, silinda, kapena chigawo china cha mphamvu zamadzimadzi. Cholinga chachikulu cha kuyika kulikonse kuli pawiri: kuyenera kukhala ndi{1}kuthamanga kwambiri kwa madzi mkati mwa makina osawuka, ndipo kuyenera kupereka kulumikizana kotetezedwa komwe kumalimbana ndi mphamvu zamakina zomwe zimapangidwira panthawi yogwira ntchito.
Kuyenerera kukalephera kugwira ntchitozi, zotsatira zake sizikhala zazing'ono. Makina a Hydraulic amagwira ntchito pafupipafupi pazovuta zoyambira 1,000 mpaka 10,000 pounds per square inch (psi). Pazovuta izi, kutayikira kwa pinhole kumatha kutulutsa nkhungu yoyaka kwambiri yamafuta a hydraulic, kupangitsa ngozi yoyaka moto. Kuphatikiza apo, cholumikizira chotayirira chimatha kuphulika kwathunthu, kupangitsa mapaipi kukwapula mwamphamvu ndi makina kutsitsa katundu popanda chenjezo.
Kuti tipewe zochitika izi, zimathandiza kumvetsetsa kuti kuyikako sikungokhala chitsulo chimodzi chokha. Kusonkhanitsa kokhazikika kumaphatikizapo thupi loyenera, lomwe limakhala ndi ulusi woyambirira ndi malo osindikizira; nati, yomwe imapereka mphamvu yamakina yofunikira kuti iphanikiza chisindikizo; ndipo nthawi zina mawondo kapena ferrule, yomwe imaluma kapena kugwira chubu kuti igwire mpaka kalekale. Kuzindikira momwe magawowa amalumikizirana ndi gawo lanu loyamba kuti muzitha kudziwa bwino kapangidwe kake kamadzi.
Khwerero 1: Kuzindikira Njira Zinayi Zosankhira (Njira ya STAMP)
Akatswiri akamayandikira makina a hydraulic kuti asankhe kapena kusintha zigawo, amadalira nthawi-mawu odziwika bwino otchedwa STAMP. Ngakhale STAMP mwamwambo imayimira Kukula, Kutentha, Kugwiritsa Ntchito, Zida, ndi Kupanikizika, tiwona magulu anayi oyambirira pano kuti tipeze maziko athu.
Kukula
Kukula ndiye vuto lenileni lomwe mungakumane nalo. Kuyika komwe kuli kochepa kwambiri kumalepheretsa kutuluka kwa madzimadzi, kuchititsa kuwonjezeka kwakukulu kwa kuthamanga kwamadzimadzi, kukangana, ndi kutulutsa kutentha. Kutentha kotentha kumeneku kumawononga mafuta a hydraulic ndikuwononga zisindikizo zamkati. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, choyikira chomwe chili chachikulu kwambiri chimapangitsa kutsika kwamphamvu kwadzidzidzi ndipo sikungagwirizane ndi zovuta za makina. Muyenera kuyeza onse awiri Diameter Yamkati (ID) ya payipi kapena chubu kuti muwonetsetse kuti ikuyenda bwino, ndi Kunja Diameter (OD) ya ulusi kuti muwonetsetse kulumikizana koyenera.
Kutentha
Makina opangira ma hydraulic amatulutsa kutentha kwambiri kwamkati, koma amakumananso ndi zochitika zakunja. Muyenera kuganizira magawo awiri a kutentha posankha zopangira ma hydraulic: kutentha kwa media (madzimadzi omwe akuyenda mkati) ndi kutentha kozungulira (mpweya wakunja). Kuzizira koopsa kumatha kupangitsa kuti zitsulo zikhale zolimba komanso zimapangitsa kuti ma O{2}}ring'ono azing'ambika. Kutentha kwambiri kungayambitse kukula kwachitsulo, kutsitsa torque ya olowa ndikupangitsa O{4}}ringing kusungunuka kapena kuumitsa.
Kugwiritsa ntchito
Kodi kuyenerera kumeneku kudzathera kuti kwa moyo wake wonse? Dongosolo la hydraulic lomwe limayikidwa pamalo opangira mafuta a m'mphepete mwa nyanja limakumana ndi kupopera mchere nthawi zonse ndi chinyezi chambiri, chomwe chimafuna chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri-chapamwamba kwambiri. Makina omangira jekeseni wa pulasitiki pansi pafakitale atha kukhala ndi nkhawa zochepa koma amakumana ndi mamiliyoni ambiri{2}}akugwedezeka pafupipafupi sabata iliyonse. Kugwedezeka kungapangitse kuti maulalo olumikizidwa ndi ulusi abwerere pang'onopang'ono pakapita nthawi, kupangitsa kutsekera kwina kapena masitayelo osindikiza amakina kukhala abwino.
Zakuthupi
Zomwe zimayikidwa ziyenera kukhala zogwirizana ndi ma hydraulic fluid omwe akugwiritsidwa ntchito komanso chilengedwe chakunja. Zida zitatu zofala kwambiri ndi:
Chitsulo cha Carbon: Chokhazikika komanso champhamvu, ndikupangitsa kuti ikhale muyezo wamafakitale ndi mafoni ambiri pomwe dzimbiri sizovuta.
Chitsulo Chosapanga dzimbiri: Kukana kwapadera ku dzimbiri ndi kuukira kwa mankhwala, koyenera panyanja, kukonza mankhwala, ndi kupanga chakudya.
Brass: Nthawi zambiri amasungidwa m'makina ochepera-otsika kwambiri kapena apadera omwe amafunikira kulimbana ndi spark kapena zitsulo zinazake.
Gawo 2: Kuzindikira Mitundu ya Ulusi ndi Njira Zosindikizira
Mukadziwa zofunikira pa makina anu, njira yaukadaulo yovutirapo kwambiri iyamba: kuzindikira mtundu wa ulusiwo komanso momwe imapangira chosindikizira chamadzi-cholimba. Ulusi nthawi zambiri umagawidwa m'magulu awiri akuluakulu: ulusi wokhotakhota ndi ulusi wofanana (wowongoka).
Tapered Threads
Ulusi wophimbidwa umapangidwa kuti usindikize pomangirira ulusi wamwamuna ndi wamkazi pamene akumangika. Kusiyana kofala kwambiri ku North America ndi National Pipe Tapered (NPT kapena NPTF). Mukasandutsa cholowa cha NPT kukhala doko, kukula kwa ulusi kumawonjezeka, ndikupanga chitsulo-ku-kuphwanya zitsulo.
Ngakhale zozolowera za NPT ndizotsika mtengo komanso zimapezeka mofala, zili ndi zopinga zazikulu pa -pressure hydraulics. Chifukwa amadalira kusinthika kwa ulusi kuti asindikize, amatha kulira pakapita nthawi, ndipo sangathe kusinthidwa kuti ayang'ane pambuyo pomangirira popanda kusokoneza chisindikizo. Amafunanso chosindikizira cha ulusi, monga tepi ya Teflon kapena dope lamadzimadzi, lomwe limatha kumasuka ndikuyipitsa makina a hydraulic.
Ulusi Wofanana ndi 37-Degree Flare
Ulusi wofananawo sumatirira pa ulusiwo. M'malo mwake, ulusi wowongoka umagwira ntchito ngati makina omangirira kuti akoke malo awiri osindikizira pamodzi.
Chitsanzo chabwino cha izi ndi Joint Industry Council (JIC) 37-degree flare fittting. Mwamuna wa JIC fitting amakhala ndi 37-degree koni, pomwe yachikazi imakhala ndi mpando wofananira wa 37-degree. Mtedza ukamangika, chulucho ndi mpando zimapanikizidwa pamodzi ndi mphamvu yaikulu, kupanga chisindikizo chodalirika chachitsulo ndi chitsulo. Zipangizo za JIC ndizabwino kwambiri pamakina othamanga kwambiri, zimatha kulumikizidwa ndikulumikizidwanso kangapo osatopa, ndipo sizifuna chosindikizira cha ulusi.
O-Ring Face Seals (ORFS)
Popeza kupanikizika kwa ma hydraulic system kwakwera pang'onopang'ono pazaka makumi angapo, makampani asintha kwambiri kuukadaulo wa O-Ring Face Seal (ORFS). Chovala chachimuna cha ORFS chimakhala ndi ulusi wowongoka wokhala ndi mphete ya O-yomwe ili ndi kaphokoso kopangidwa ndi makina pankhope yathyathyathya ya cholumikizira. Zokwanira zazikazi zimakhala ndi malo athyathyathya okwerera.
Kumangako kukamizidwa, mphete ya O-yimakanizidwa mophwanyidwa ndi nkhope ya mkazi. Kapangidwe kameneka kamapereka chitetezo chabwino kwambiri chotulukapo chomwe chilipo mu mphamvu zamakono zamadzimadzi. Imalola kugwedezeka kwakukulu pamakina, imalimbana bwino ndi kuchuluka kwa kuthamanga, komanso imachotsa chiopsezo chowonjezera-chiwopsezo cha kung'amba kugawa chinthu.
Miyezo Yapadziko Lonse: BSP ndi Metric
Ngati mukugwiritsa ntchito zida zopangidwa ku Europe kapena Asia, mudzakumana ndi British Standard Pipe (BSP) kapena Metric DIN miyezo. BSP imabwera m'njira ziwiri: BSPT (tapered) ndi BSPP (yofanana). Zopangira ma metric nthawi zambiri zimawoneka zofanana ndi za American JIC kapena ORFS m'maso, koma amagwiritsa ntchito ulusi wa metric (woyezedwa mamilimita pa ulusi) osati ulusi pa inchi. Kugwiritsa ntchito ulusi ndi caliper ndiyo njira yokhayo yodalirika yowasiyanitsa. Osayesa kukakamiza ulusi waku America kulowa padoko la metric; idzawononga nthawi yomweyo ulusi wa zigawo zonse ziwiri.
Khwerero 3: Kuyang'ana Magawo Opanikizika Ndi Malo Otetezedwa
Ndi miyeso yanu ndi mitundu ya ulusi yomwe yazindikiridwa, muyenera kutsimikizira kuti zotengera zanu za hydraulic zimatha kuthana ndi zovuta zamakina anu. Wopanga aliyense wodziwika amayesa zokometsera zake ndi Maximum Working Pressure.
Ndikofunikira kuti woyambitsayo amvetsetse kusiyana pakati pa kupsinjika kwa ntchito ndi kuphulika. Kupanikizika kogwira ntchito ndiye mphamvu yayikulu yomwe kuyenerera kungathe kupirira tsiku ndi tsiku, kugwira ntchito mosalekeza. Kuthamanga kophulika ndi pamene choyenerera chimasweka pansi poyesa ma laboratory. M'makampani opanga ma hydraulic, malire otetezedwa ndi 4: 1 chiŵerengero. Izi zikutanthauza kuti kuyenerera kwa 3,000 psi kugwira ntchito sikungaphulika mpaka kugunda 12,000 psi.
Komabe, simuyenera kupanga dongosolo loti liziyenda mpaka kumapeto kwa chiwopsezo chogwira ntchito ngati pulogalamu yanu ndi yamphamvu. Muzochitika zenizeni{{1}padziko lonse lapansi, valavu yowongolera ikatsekedwa mwadzidzidzi, shockwave imadutsa mumadzimadzi amadzimadzi. Ma spikes awa amatha kuwirikiza kawiri kapena katatu kukakamiza kwadongosolo mwadzina kwa mphindi imodzi. Ngati zojambulira zanu zili zochepa, ma spikes osasunthika-adzachititsa kutopa pakapita nthawi.
Kuphatikiza apo, nthawi zonse kumbukirani lamulo la ulalo wofooka kwambiri: gulu la hydraulic limakhala lolimba ngati gawo lake lotsika kwambiri-lovoteredwa. Mukalumikiza payipi yomwe ili ndi 5,000 psi kupita ku 2,500 psi, mphamvu yanu yonse yamakina imangokhala 2,500 psi.
Pomaliza, yesetsani kupewa kusakaniza mitundu mkati mwa msonkhano umodzi wolumikizira ngati kuli kotheka. Ngakhale kuti mwamuna wa JIC wofanana ndi mtundu wina ayenera kukhala wogwirizana bwino ndi JIC yachikazi yofanana ndi ina, kusiyana pang'ono pakupanga kulolerana kungayambitse mipata yaying'ono-. Kumamatira ndi wopanga m'modzi, wodziwika bwino pamapaipi anu, zokokera, ndi ma adapter kumatsimikizira kuti zingwe zimagwirizana kwambiri komanso kukhulupirika kwadongosolo.
Zochita Zabwino Kwambiri Kuyika ndi Kukonza
Ngakhale zokwera mtengo kwambiri, zofananira bwino zama hydraulic fitting zidzalephera ngati zitayikidwa molakwika. Cholakwika chofala kwambiri ndi oyamba kumene ndi -kuthamanga. Pali nthano yosalekeza mu ntchito zamakina kuti "zolimba nthawi zonse zimakhala bwino." Mu ma hydraulics, -kulimbitsa kwambiri kumatha kusokoneza mpando woyaka moto, kuvula ulusi, kapena kupotoza O-ring groove, kupanga njira yotayikira yosatha.
Pofuna kupewa izi, gwiritsani ntchito njira ya Flats From Finger Tight (FFFT) pamene wrench ya torque palibe. Kwa njirayi, mumangitsa natiyo ndi dzanja mpaka italumikizana mwamphamvu ndi malo osindikizira, lembani mzere kudutsa nati ndi thupi loyenera ndi chikhomo, ndiyeno mugwiritse ntchito wrench kutembenuza natiyo nambala yeniyeni ya hex flats malinga ndi malingaliro a wopanga.
Kuyang'ana kokhazikika kokhazikika nakonso ndikofunikira kuti ma hydraulic system ayende bwino. Yang'anani zizindikiro za kulira, zomwe ndi kudzikundikira pang'onopang'ono, konyowa kwa mafuta pafupi ndi mfundo yoyenerera yomwe siinayambe kudontha. Kulira ndi chizindikiro chochenjeza kuti chisindikizo chayamba kulephera.
Ngati mukuyenera kusintha choyikapo, nthawi zonse tsatirani ndondomeko yachitetezo chokhazikika. Zimitsani choyendetsa chachikulu (choyendetsa magetsi kapena injini), yambitsani mavavu owongolera mmbuyo ndi mtsogolo kuti muchepetse kupanikizika kulikonse mumizere, ndikuwonetsetsa kuti makina onse okwera amatsekeka kapena amatsitsidwa pansi. Kuyesa kumasula makina opangira ma hydraulic pomwe makinawo akupanikizika ndi koopsa kwambiri ndipo kungayambitse kuvulala kwa jekeseni wamadzimadzi, zomwe zimafuna chithandizo chamankhwala mwachangu.
Mapeto
Kuyendera chilengedwe chachikulu cha zigawo zamphamvu zamadzimadzi kumatha kumva ngati kuphunzira chilankhulo china. Komabe, potsamira pamapangidwe opangidwa ngati njira ya STAMP ndikutenga nthawi yoyezera miyeso molondola, kuzindikira ma geometries, ndikulemekeza kukakamizidwa, aliyense atha kusankha bwino ma hydraulic fittings.
Kusankha yoyenera si nkhani yongotengera makina kuti ayambenso kugwira ntchito; ndi ndalama zachindunji pakuchita bwino kwa zida zanu, chitetezo cha malo ozungulira, ndi chitetezo cha aliyense wogwira ntchito pafupi. Chitani zinthu zonse mogwirizana ndi kulondola komwe kumayenera, sungani zida zabwino kwambiri monga ma caliper ndi ma geji a ulusi, ndipo nthawi zonse funsani zikalata za opanga mukakayikira. Mchitidwewu ukakhazikitsidwa, makina anu amadzimadzi azikhala otayira-aulere, amphamvu, komanso odalirika kwa zaka zikubwerazi.
